Young women's accounts of intimate partner violence during adolescence and subsequent recovery processes: An interpretative phenomenological analysis

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final published article is available from the link below. Copyright @ 2011 The British Psychological Society.Objective. Previous qualitative research into the experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) has largely focused upon mature women's accounts. The objectives of this interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) were to explore three young women's understandings of why they had been vulnerable to IPV in mid-to-late adolescence, their experiences of IPV, and their recovery processes. Design. This study followed guidelines for IPA, largely focusing upon shared aspects of the experience of IPV as narrated by three young women who considered that they had since recovered from the experience. Method. Semi-structured interviews explored participants’ retrospective understandings of how they had become entrapped in a long-term abusive relationship in adolescence, how IPV had affected them at the time, and the processes that they had found helpful to recover well-being. Findings. Participants largely attributed their vulnerability to IPV to feeling confused about feelings and relationships, disconnected, and powerless in early adolescence. IPV was described as escalating insidiously, rendering participants confined, anxious and powerless, ensnaring them in their partner's family, marginalized in their own families, and undermining their identities. Recovery processes began with pivotal moments. Participants described repairing identity through engaging in age-appropriate activities, extricating self from the partner's family, and rebuilding family relationships. Conclusions. Participants described experiences of IPV and recovery in adolescence that differed in some ways from those previously identified in adult women and were interpreted using theories of adolescent identity development and attachment

Mixing and Combustion of Rich Fireballs

A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the effect of fireball composition on secondary combustion. The fireball was created from a 1.5 liter balloon filled with a propane-oxygen mixture (1 1, the incompletely oxidized products from the primary burn mix with the surrounding air and may be oxidized in a secondary combustion process. The unique feature of the present experiments was a repeatable secondary pressure pulse for sufficiently rich mixtures. The secondary pressure rise was observed repeatably for all initiation configurations. The nature of the secondary pressure pulse is a strong function of the initial equivalence ratio. For [Greek Phi] = 1 and 1.5, no secondary pressure waves are observed. An acoustic analysis of the measured pressure histories has been carried out to infer the rate of volume displacement and the total volume displaced by the secondary combustion. The results of the acoustic analysis are in reasonable agreement with both a simplified thermodynamic model predicting the total volume displacement assuming constant-pressure combustion for the secondary burn and the analysis of the fireball luminosity of the high-speed images. For nearly stoichiometric mixtures, [Greek Phi] = 1 and 1.5, the leading blast wave peak pressures and impulses are comparable with the previously-measured gaseous and high explosive blasts when the energy content of the balloon only is used to formulate Sachs scaling variables. Due to a much slower combustion process than detonation for [Greek Phi] >2 the peak pressure of the leading wave rapidly decreases below the energy-equivalent reference blast values as the equivalence ratio is increased. The Sachs-scaled impulse agrees well with the predictions on the basis of the energy in the balloon alone for 2.75 > [Greek Phi] > 1. One of the key results of the present study has been the documentation of the existence of the secondary pressure wave. The present study has emphasized the acoustic nature of the secondary pressure waves and the origin of these pressure waves due to the processes at the interface between the fireball and the atmosphere. The presence of the secondary pressure peak and the higher impulses indicate that there is the potential for significant enhancement of the blast through secondary combustion

Impulse Correlation for Partially Filled Detonation Tubes

The effect of nozzles on the impulse obtained from a detonation tube of circular cross section has been the focus of many experimental and numerical studies. In these cases, the simplified detonation tube is closed at one end (forming the thrust surface) and open at the other end, enabling the attachment of an extension. A flowfield analysis of a detonation tube with an extension requires considering unsteady wave interactions making analytical and accurate numerical predictions difficult (especially in complicated extension geometries). To predict the impulse obtained from a detonation tube with an extension (considered a partially filled detonation tube), we utilize data from other researchers to generate a partial-fill correlation

Dynamic vs Oblivious Routing in Network Design

Consider the robust network design problem of finding a minimum cost network with enough capacity to route all traffic demand matrices in a given polytope. We investigate the impact of different routing models in this robust setting: in particular, we compare \emph{oblivious} routing, where the routing between each terminal pair must be fixed in advance, to \emph{dynamic} routing, where routings may depend arbitrarily on the current demand. Our main result is a construction that shows that the optimal cost of such a network based on oblivious routing (fractional or integral) may be a factor of \BigOmega(\log{n}) more than the cost required when using dynamic routing. This is true even in the important special case of the asymmetric hose model. This answers a question in \cite{chekurisurvey07}, and is tight up to constant factors. Our proof technique builds on a connection between expander graphs and robust design for single-sink traffic patterns \cite{ChekuriHardness07}

Wind turbine acoustic standards

A program is being conducted to develop noise standards for wind turbines which minimize annoyance and which can be used to design specifications. The approach consists of presenting wind turbine noise stimuli to test subjects in a laboratory listening chamber. The responses of the subjects are recorded for a range of stimuli which encompass the designs, operating conditions, and ambient noise levels of current and future installations. Results to date have established the threshold of detectability for a range of impulsive stimuli of the type associated with blade/tower wake interactions. The status of the ongoing psychoacoustic tests, the subjective data, and the approach to the development of acoustic criteria/standards are described

A universally programmable Quantum Cellular Automaton

We discuss the role of classical control in the context of reversible quantum cellular automata. Employing the structure theorem for quantum cellular automata, we give a general construction scheme to turn an arbitrary cellular automaton with external classical control into an autonomous one, thereby proving the computational equivalence of these two models. We use this technique to construct a universally programmable cellular automaton on a one-dimensional lattice with single cell dimension 12.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, minor changes in introduction, fixed typos, accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter

Shortest Path versus Multi-Hub Routing in Networks with Uncertain Demand

We study a class of robust network design problems motivated by the need to scale core networks to meet increasingly dynamic capacity demands. Past work has focused on designing the network to support all hose matrices (all matrices not exceeding marginal bounds at the nodes). This model may be too conservative if additional information on traffic patterns is available. Another extreme is the fixed demand model, where one designs the network to support peak point-to-point demands. We introduce a capped hose model to explore a broader range of traffic matrices which includes the above two as special cases. It is known that optimal designs for the hose model are always determined by single-hub routing, and for the fixed- demand model are based on shortest-path routing. We shed light on the wider space of capped hose matrices in order to see which traffic models are more shortest path-like as opposed to hub-like. To address the space in between, we use hierarchical multi-hub routing templates, a generalization of hub and tree routing. In particular, we show that by adding peak capacities into the hose model, the single-hub tree-routing template is no longer cost-effective. This initiates the study of a class of robust network design (RND) problems restricted to these templates. Our empirical analysis is based on a heuristic for this new hierarchical RND problem. We also propose that it is possible to define a routing indicator that accounts for the strengths of the marginals and peak demands and use this information to choose the appropriate routing template. We benchmark our approach against other well-known routing templates, using representative carrier networks and a variety of different capped hose traffic demands, parameterized by the relative importance of their marginals as opposed to their point-to-point peak demands

Broad band sound from wind turbine generators

Brief descriptions are given of the various types of large wind turbines and their sound characteristics. Candidate sources of broadband sound are identified and are rank ordered for a large upwind configuration wind turbine generator for which data are available. The rotor is noted to be the main source of broadband sound which arises from inflow turbulence and from the interactions of the turbulent boundary layer on the blade with its trailing edge. Sound is radiated about equally in all directions but the refraction effects of the wind produce an elongated contour pattern in the downwind direction